15. V-ing and V-ed2 (Present and past participle
15.1 as pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 现在分词和过去分词)
15.2 as complement(作补足语)
* 15.3 as an adverb clause equivalent(作状语)
* 15.4 When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加现在分词或过去分词)
* 15.5 (with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名词加现在分词或过去分词 )
* 15.6 Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalent(无归属现在分词作状语)
* 15.7 being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalent(现在分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语)
16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements（基本句型和句子成份）
Pattern 1: S + V
Pattern 2: S + V + Cs
Pattern 3: S + V + O
Pattern 4: S + V + Oi + Od
Pattern 5: S + V + Od + Co
17. Transformation of basic sentence pattern（基本句型转换）
17.1 Interrogative form（疑问形式）
17.2 Negative form（否定形式）
17.3 Passive form（被动形式）
18. There be (There be结构)
18.1 There is / are / was / were + N + Adv
*18. 2 There will (modal) be / exist(s) / seem(s) to be / appear(s) to be + N + Adv
*18.3 There is / are + N + Adj / V-ing / V-ed2 / to V / relative clause（定语从句)
*19. Agreement（一致关系）
19.1 Subject and Verb（主语和谓语动词的一致关系）
19.2 Pronoun and antecedent（代词和其先行词的一致关系）
20. Noun clause（名词从句)
20.1 that and omission of that, which(ever), who(ever), whom, whose
*20.2 when, where, why, how, how much / many / long / often
*20.3 whether, if
*20.4 what(ever)
*20.5 what (=the thing which)
21. Relative clause（定语从句)
21.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive（限制性和非限制性定语从句)
21.2 that, which, who, whom, when, where, why
* 21.3 whose
*.21.4 Omission of that / which (that / which的省略)
*21.5 (N / Pron + ) Prep + which / whom / whose
*21.6 the same / such…as
*.21.7 that (relative adverb) and its omission（关系副词that及其省略)
*21.8 which / as (with sentential antecedent) (which / as指代句子)
22. Apposition (同位)
22.1 Noun (phrase) in apposition（名词[短语]的同位语)
22.2 Appositive clause（同位语从句)
22.3 Noun phrase appositive to clause（名词短语作句子的同位语)
e.g.… an example of what we call…
22.4 Explicit indicators of apposition（引出同位关系的明示标识词）
e.g. that is (to say), for example
23. Clause of time and space（时间从句和地点从句）
23.1 when(ever), while, as, after, before, since
*23.2 where(ever)
*23.3 until, till
*23.4 once, the moment, as soon as, each time, immediately (that), no sooner…than